You can now upload files from OneDrive for Business to Central Desktop. This is a separate option than OneDrive Personal. This can used if you have a Microsoft 365 license.
Navigate to Files and Discussions, click on the drop down beside Upload and then click From the Cloud.
The file picker window would open and give you a list of options, please click on OneDrive for Business and then Sign in, once you enter your Microsoft Business credentials you will see the list of files and folders in your OneDrive for Business account.
Select the file and click Upload